Understanding Oestrogen

It’s time to buckle up - we’re going back to fundamentals today with a bit of a deep dive into the role that oestrogen plays in our body at the various life stages. I don't know about you but I love to know the details, so first up we have…

The science bit!

Oestrogen is not a single entity but a group of steroid hormones that play a pivotal role in the development and functioning of female reproductive tissues, as well as in other physiological processes. These hormones are crucial for the regulation of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and even affect bone health, skin, heart, and brain functions. Already it’s easy to see why the decline of oestrogen as we get older can set us up for health issues if we don’t take action as early as possible.

Steroid hormones, such as oestrogen, are lipid-soluble molecules derived from cholesterol. This lipid solubility allows them to easily pass through cell membranes and bind to specific receptors inside target cells, influencing gene expression and cellular function. And, as an aside, if we’re taking statins to reduce cholesterol it’s important to realise that they can affect the production of sex hormones...

The three main forms of oestrogen — oestradiol, oestrone, and oestriol — each have unique roles and importance:

• Oestradiol (E2): The most potent and prevalent form of oestrogen during reproductive years, essential for reproductive and menstrual health, bone density, and skin elasticity.

• Oestrone (E1): After menopause, oestrone becomes the dominant form of oestrogen. It is weaker than estradiol and is produced mainly in the adipose (fat) tissue.

• Oestriol (E3): This is the weakest form of oestrogen and is present in significant amounts during pregnancy, contributing to the regulation of the growth of the uterus and supporting the development of the foetus.

Optimal variations of oestrogen levels vary across life stages, reflecting changes in reproductive status and health needs. Balancing these variations through nutrition can support overall health and mitigate some of the challenges associated with life stage transitions. But hey, you knew I was going to say that, didn’t you!

Right, now that we have a bit more detail on what oestrogen is, let’s have a closer look at what it does.

Puberty: Where it all begins

Puberty marks the first stage of oestrogen's influence, initiating the development of secondary sexual characteristics and regulating the menstrual cycle.

• Growth and Development: Oestrogen is instrumental in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and the initiation of the menstrual cycle. It collaborates with hormones like progesterone and luteinising hormone (LH) to prepare the body for adult fertility. Beyond physical changes, oestrogen aids in the maturation of the reproductive system and ensures the growth spurt typical of puberty is timely and proportional.

• Skeletal Health: Oestrogen's role extends to bone health, where it promotes the activity of osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation. This hormone is vital for achieving peak bone mass during adolescence, a key determinant in long-term bone health and osteoporosis prevention. Oestrogen helps in the closure of epiphyseal plates in bones, marking the end of growth in height and ensuring bones develop properly in density and strength.

• Neuroendocrine Regulation: The impact of oestrogen on the brain is significant, particularly on neurotransmitter systems involved in mood regulation, such as serotonin and dopamine. This explains the mood fluctuations that can be a hallmark of teenage years. Oestrogen enhances the brain's sensitivity to these neurotransmitters, affecting emotions and mood stability.

• Skin and Hair: The visible changes in skin and hair during puberty are also influenced by oestrogen. By regulating the production of sebum, oestrogen can lead to changes in skin texture and health. It also plays a role in hair growth patterns, contributing to the changes in hair texture and distribution observed during these transformative years.

Reproductive Years: Sustaining Fertility and Nurturing Growth

Throughout the reproductive years, oestrogen's effects are pronounced in the menstrual cycle, fertility, pregnancy, and overall health.

• Preconception: Preparing for pregnancy is much like setting the stage for one of life's most transformative experiences. Oestrogen plays a leading role in this preparatory phase, ensuring the body is primed for conception. It regulates ovulation, maintains a healthy uterine lining, and supports the early stages of pregnancy. Lifestyle factors such as a nutritious diet, consistent physical activity, and effective stress management can positively influence oestrogen levels, creating an optimal environment for conception. Think of this stage as nurturing the soil before planting a seed – essential for the growth that follows.

• During Pregnancy: Throughout pregnancy, oestrogen levels surge to support the developing foetus and prepare the mother’s body for childbirth. This hormone enhances the blood flow to the uterine lining and boosts the development and function of the placenta. It’s fascinating how oestrogen adapts to support each stage of pregnancy, facilitating not just physical growth but also preparing the mother emotionally and mentally for the journey ahead.

• Post-Birth: After the joy of childbirth, the body undergoes significant hormonal adjustments. Oestrogen levels drop sharply, which can impact a mother's physical recovery and emotional well-being. This period requires understanding and support, as the body returns to its pre-pregnancy state. The decline in oestrogen is also why some women may experience changes in mood or find it challenging to initiate breastfeeding. It's a time of profound change, as the body shifts from nurturing a pregnancy to healing and recovery.

Perimenopause: The Transition

Perimenopause represents a period of significant hormonal fluctuation, with oestrogen levels beginning to decline, leading to a range of physiological and psychological changes.

• Menstrual Irregularity: The hallmark of perimenopause is the unpredictability of menstrual cycles. Oestrogen's erratic behaviour during this time causes variations in cycle length and menstrual flow. It's a direct reflection of the ovaries gradually reducing their reproductive hormone output, leading to skipped periods and eventually, the cessation of menstruation.

• Vasomotor Symptoms: Hot flushes and night sweats, the stereotypical symptoms of menopause, often begin in perimenopause. These vasomotor symptoms result from oestrogen's impact on the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature. As oestrogen levels dip, it can mistakenly trigger the body's heat response, leading to these uncomfortable episodes.

• Mood and Cognitive Effects: Oestrogen has a symbiotic relationship with neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood. Its fluctuating levels can lead to mood swings, anxiety, and even depression in some women. Furthermore, some may experience cognitive changes, like memory lapses or difficulty concentrating, illustrating oestrogen's influence on brain function.

• Physical Changes: Declining oestrogen affects skin elasticity and moisture, contributing to the appearance of ageing. It also plays a role in maintaining muscle mass and joint health, meaning women may notice increased aches and reduced muscle tone.

Menopause and Postmenopause: A New Era

Menopause marks the cessation of ovarian oestrogen production, ushering in both challenges and opportunities for health and well-being.

• Urogenital Health: The vaginal mucosa becomes thinner and less elastic, a condition known as vaginal atrophy, leading to dryness, discomfort, and painful intercourse. Similarly, the urethra may also atrophy, increasing the risk of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections.

• Bone Density: Oestrogen helps to maintain bone density by regulating the turnover of bone tissue. Its decline during menopause accelerates bone loss, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

• Cardiovascular Health: Oestrogen has a protective effect on heart health, including maintaining flexible arteries and influencing cholesterol levels. With its decline, the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases.

• Mood Fluctuations: The hormonal fluctuations can also lead to mood swings, depression, and anxiety. Oestrogen interacts with neurotransmitters responsible for mood regulation, such as serotonin. Its decline may affect emotional well-being.

• Cognitive Impact: Some women report memory lapses or a decrease in concentration during menopause, which may be linked to lower oestrogen levels. Research continues to explore the extent of oestrogen's role in cognitive functions and its potential in protecting against cognitive decline.

Well, that was a lot to get through all in one go, so I appreciate you sticking with me! Just to finish up here, I want to reiterate that the journey of oestrogen through the various stages of a woman's life is both complex and profoundly impactful, significantly influencing health and well-being.

Gaining an understanding of these effects, both at the molecular and physiological levels, offers a more sophisticated approach to navigating the challenges posed by oestrogen fluctuations. As ongoing research continues to reveal the multifaceted roles of oestrogen, it paves the way for innovative strategies to support women's health throughout their lives.

Anyway, look out for a second blog post which will delve deeper into the dynamics of oestrogen imbalance—exploring its causes, the effects it can have on your body and mind, and practical ways to support your oestrogen levels through nutrition and lifestyle changes. This next piece aims to empower you with knowledge and tools to maintain or restore your hormonal harmony.

If you're seeking to regain control of your hormonal health and navigate the complexities of oestrogen balance, I'm here to support you so please don’t hesitate to reach out. Together, we can explore personalised strategies that encompass nutrition, lifestyle adjustments, and more, tailored to your unique needs and life stage.